Just for others who might stumble upon the same problem:
I found this topic:
I changed the default value of the --sync option in the satnogs_noaa_apt_decoder.py to sync=0. This made my client successfully decode and upload images.
But then I found out that even with sync=1 my client could successfully decode images and upload them:
I adjusted the ppm error as described here: Adjusting the SatNOGS Client - SatNOGS Wiki
Furthermore I also adjusted the three gain values through satnogs-setup.
I played around with gqrx and in the end I used the highest value 49.5 [dB].
Now it seems like at least sometimes NOAA 19 images are decoded successfully.
setup: cheap RTL2832U device + RPI3 + satnogs-image + selfmade QFH antenna